A Synod for the '90s: The 1890s

Abstract

In this historical essay, Prof. John M. Brenner explores the formation and development of the Federation of the Wisconsin, Michigan, and Minnesota Synods in the 1890s, focusing especially on the Michigan Synod’s journey toward confessional Lutheranism. Brenner traces the early missionary efforts of Friedrich Schmid, the founding of the Michigan Synod, and its struggles with unionism, doctrinal clarity, and pastoral shortages. He details the Michigan Synod’s involvement with the General Council, its eventual break from it, and the founding of Michigan Lutheran Seminary. The essay recounts the turbulent years following the Federation’s formation in 1892, including internal conflicts, the temporary split into majority and minority factions, and eventual reunification. Brenner highlights the lasting blessings of the Federation, including strong worker training institutions and expanded mission work. He concludes with lessons on patience, doctrinal fidelity, and the importance of well-trained pastors for church health and growth. —Abstract generated by Microsoft Copilot (GPT-4)